It has been said that the UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly Essay

It has been said that the UK store segment is an oligopoly - Essay Example ...................................... Conclusion............................................................................................................ References It has been said that the UK general store division is an oligopoly Introduction The UK grocery store area is without a doubt appropriately characterized as an oligopoly dependent available structure that directs its business standards, the importance of the shopper in building business procedure, the degree of association between contending grocery store organizations, and the sector’s impact in evaluating and gracefully inside its market. An oligopoly is characterized as â€Å"a showcase overwhelmed by few members who can all in all apply authority over flexibly and market prices† (investorwords.com, 2011, p.1). It is the interdependency between the couple of firms, for example, Morrison’s and Aldi, that makes this market part an oligopoly according to promoting endeavors and evaluating structur es that drive vital aims. This paper depicts the market attributes of the grocery store segment in the UK that name these organizations as a feature of an oligopoly. The market structure All of the significant general store rivals in the UK keep up a serious extent of piece of the pie in the nourishments business and are influenced little by littler rivals as far as benefit. An oligopoly can influence the market by keeping up this high piece of the overall industry and control by having the option to impact estimating exchanges with providers who depend on their proceeded with accomplishments so as to, themselves, stay beneficial. This is the thing that describes an oligopoly when a market is overwhelmed by just a bunch of huge scope contenders. In this structure, firms can have either separated or non-separated items offered to buyers where publicizing and promoting goals portray one of the most significant highlights identified with business system and serious practices (Boyes and Melvin, 2005). Why would that be? General stores depend on shopper mentalities and practices to guarantee they stay productive which are consistently liable to fluctuating interest calendars and dietary patterns. Additionally dependent on value, buyers will pick one contender over another in this market structure which drives the need for more development in promoting and the routine natural and serious investigations required to stay fruitful and beneficial. Under macroeconomic hypothesis, an oligopoly is viewed as the most sensible market structure since there are a different scope of externalities and inside business practices that sway whether the organizations increase higher volumes of piece of the overall industry in a neighborhood or worldwide locale (Boyes and Melvin). These stores in their oligopoly keep up a descending slanting interest bend where the state of the bend is legitimately identified with shopper personal conduct standards and the practices of rivalry corresp onding to methodology, showcasing and promoting. This is the reason the grocery store division in the UK is considered the most sensible of market structures as the significance of serious practices and advertising are in-accordance with contemporary strategic policies with most non-general store associations. In view of their strength in this market segment, providers are made feeble while considering shopper based item items (quickmba.com, 2011) as they depend legitimately on the buying intensity of the stores to keep up their creation levels, sufficient staffing and by and large operational methodologies identified with the purpose of building higher gainfulness. This gives

How to Cut Down on Your Cars Greenhouse Gases

The most effective method to Cut Down on Your Cars Greenhouse Gases Ozone depleting substances, liable for worldwide environmental change, are radiated in enormous part from the ignition of petroleum products like oil, coal, and gaseous petrol. A large portion of the discharges from petroleum derivatives originate from power plants, yet second positioned is transportation. Notwithstanding carbon dioxide, engine vehicles discharge particulate contamination, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and unpredictable natural mixes. Perhaps you have just balanced numerous parts of your way of life to decrease your carbon impression, including introducing LED lights, turning down the indoor regulator, and eating less meat. In any case, in your garage sits glaring proof of one wellspring of ozone harming substance that you were unable to dispose of: your vehicle. For a considerable lot of us, particularly in provincial regions, bicycling or strolling to class and to work may not be an alternative, and open transportation may basically not be accessible. Try not to worry; there are still moves you can make to bring down the contamination and ozone depleting substance emanations you produce when driving. Efficiency versus Emanations We for the most part expect a vehicle with better efficiency will likewise discharge less destructive emanations, including ozone depleting substances. The relationship for the most part remains constant, with a couple of provisos. Decades-old vehicles were worked under significantly more loosened up emanations guidelines and can be monstrous contamination makers in spite of a generally unobtrusive hunger for fuel. Additionally, you might be getting 80 miles for each gallon on that old two-stroke bike, yet that smoke will contain considerably more unsafe toxins, quite a bit of it from incompletely consumed gas. And afterward there are the vehicles with emanation control frameworks discharging illicit measures of contamination, similar to those finger-pointed during the notorious Volkswagen little diesel motor embarrassment. The conspicuous spot to begin to lessen discharges, obviously, is by picking an advanced vehicle with the most ideal efficiency. Models can be analyzed utilizing a convenient web apparatus set up by the U.S. Division of Energy (DOE). Be practical about your needs: how often a year will you truly require a get truck, sport-utility vehicle, or minivan? Execution is another mileage executioner, yet on the off chance that you truly need a sportier vehicle, favor a four-chamber model with a turbocharger rather than a bigger six or eight (or twelve!) chamber vehicle. The turbo kicks in on request, with the more thrifty four chambers accomplishing the work the remainder of the time. Manual versus Programmed Not very far in the past manual transmissions gave preferable efficiency over programmed transmissions. It was a decent reason for the individuals who love to push their own apparatuses however present day programmed transmissions, which currently have 5, 6, and much more riggings, give better mileage. Constant Variable Transmissions (CVT) are surprisingly better at keeping up the engine’s upheavals at the correct speed, beating even the most gifted stick-move lovers. More established Car, Newer Car More established vehicles were structured and developed with regards to discharge guidelines that were substantially less prohibitive than they are today. Much improvement has been made during the 1960s, with the advancement of the exhaust system and fuel infusion, however it wasn’t until the taking off gas costs during the 1970s that genuine eco-friendliness gains were made. Revisions to the Clean Air Act steadily improved vehicle emanations beginning in 1990, with significant additions made in 2004 and 2010. For the most part, a later vehicle will have better innovation to lessen discharges including electronic direct fuel infusion, more brilliant electronic control units, lower drag coefficient, and improved transmissions. Support You most likely heard this one preceding: basically keeping your tires swelled to the best possible level will spare you in fuel costs. Under-swelled tires will cost you as much as 3% in fuel costs, as indicated by the DOE. Keeping up appropriate weight will likewise improve your halting separation, lessen dangers of sliding, rollovers, and victories. Check for the suitable weight on a sticker situated in the jam of the driver-side entryway; don't allude to the weight esteem imprinted on the tire sidewall. Supplant your motor air channel at the stretch indicated in your owner’s manual, or all the more every now and again in the event that you drive in particularly dusty conditions. The dirtier your air channel is, the more fuel you will utilize. Try not to overlook lit check motor lights, in any event, when you feel like the vehicle is working ordinarily. Frequently the emanations control framework is a flaw, which implies you are contaminating more than expected. Carry the vehicle to your technician for an appropriate symptomatic, it might spare you from increasingly costly harm later on. Vehicle Modifications Post-retail execution adjustments have large amounts of certain sorts of vehicles †stronger fumes pipes, altered air admissions, reinvented fuel infusion. Every one of those highlights increment your engine’s fuel needs, so dispose of them or even better don’t introduce them in any case. Bigger tires and suspension lifts need to go as well. Rooftop racks and payload boxes ought to be taken care of when not being used, as they seriously influence mileage, particularly on littler vehicles. Void your vehicle trunk as well, as it takes additional fuel to haul around that golf pack you never have the opportunity to get out, or those cartons of books you’ve been importance to drop off at the second hand shop. What’s Your Driving Style? Driving conduct is somewhere else where you can have a major effect in your emanations and fuel use without going through any cash. Slow down: as indicated by AAA, going 60 mph rather than 70 mph on a 20-mile drive will spare you 1.3 gallons on normal over the work week. Quicken and stop delicately, and coast while you can. Keep your windows up to decrease drag; in any event, running the cooling requires less vitality. Letting your vehicle inactive in the first part of the day is superfluous, utilizes fuel, and creates futile discharges. Rather, delicately warm up your motor by quickening easily and keeping a lower speed until your vehicle arrives at its working temperature.

African American Musuem Essay

The African Museum in Philadelphia is remarkable as the main historical center financed and worked by a district to help safeguard, decipher and display the legacy of African Americans. Opened during the 1976 Bicentennial festivals, the AAMP is situated in noteworthy Philadelphia, a couple of squares from the Liberty Bell. Charles H. Wesley was a prominent African American student of history, instructor, and creator. He was the fourth African American to get a Ph. D. from Harvard University. An appointed priest, Wesley’s recognized profession included 40 years of authority with the African Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1976, he filled in as Director of the Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum in Philadelphia, presently known as the African American Museum in Philadelphia. Projects The African American Museum that is situated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania makes them intrigue training programs. These training programs center around expressions, culture, and legacy instruction. They place a significant accentuation on the interests of the understudies, instructors, craftsmen, history specialists, researchers, and network associations. These projects offer decent variety with planning. The projects investigate different African types of social articulations. In these projects there are artistic exhibitions, hands on showings, workshops, and narrating exhibitions also. The African American Museum in Philadelphia feels its projects can be an essential connection between the lasting and visiting assortments for the numerous networks they serve. Shows The presentations in the African American Museum in Philadelphia can some to be satisfying to the eye and invigorating to the psyche. As indicated by the African American Museum of Philadelphia these shows summon a profound assortment of feeling extending from pride and energy to fervor and eagerness. At the point when guests enter the exhibition hall they will come to Gallery 1, which incorporates an intuitive timetable, pictures draw from verifiable record, that traverses 100 years of history. In Gallery 2 there are full size video projections in which guests can in participate in them. When they are initiated, a monolog about existence in Philadelphia will start. Some different parts of the show incorporate an encounter where you can walk the lanes of Philadelphia through an enormous scope map, which is situated between displays 1 and 2 .

Compare and contrast two different writing styles free essay sample

Diary Four For Journal Four I am going to utilize Katherine O. Seelyes offensive Numbers on Glossy Pages! (Magazines misuse what sells) and Peter Stiglins Seeing as accepting: The Paintings of Judith Belzer. I am going to look into the perspectives and composing styles of these two readings. Katharine discusses the superstar magazines and different magazines read by the more youthful ages. Her article includes the impact of these magazines on standard individuals. She discusses how the editors are in consistent quest for some new ossip and different stories identified with VIPs or something which may be intriguing for the peruser. She likewise utilized statements by various individuals in her article. Subside Stiglin then again discusses artistic creations. He talks all the more logically. He began his paper with a statement by John Berger, We just observe what we take a gander at. To look is a demonstration of decision. We will compose a custom exposition test on Look into two changed composing styles or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He didn't utilize any statements, he rather clarified and depicted the magnificence of the artistic creation. Both the articles talk about our advantage. Katherine discusses the fabulousness and publicity the conventional individuals are keen on; and Peter discusses the excellence and the story behind the work of art where a typical individual would be keen on. The style of composing is distinctive in both the articles. Katherine utilizes meetings of various individuals and clarifies their considerations, Peter discusses his supposition and the manner in which he takes a gander at the work of art. Toward the end both the articles are fascinating to peruse, contingent upon the data the peruser is searching for. Look into two changed composing styles free exposition test O. Jellys offensive Numbers on Glossy Pages! (Magazines abuse what sells) and Peter Stalins Seeing as accepting: The Paintings of Judith Belier. I am going to thoroughly analyze the perspectives and composing styles of these two readings. Katharine discusses the big name magazines and different magazines read by the more youthful ages. Her article includes the impact of these magazines on standard people.She discusses how the editors are in steady quest for some new tattle and different stories identified with superstars or something which may be intriguing for the peruser. She additionally utilized statements by various individuals in her article. Subside Stilling then again discusses compositions. He talks all the more logically. He began his article with a statement by John Berger, We just observe what we take a gander at. To look is a demonstration of decision. He didn't utilize any statements, he rather clarified and portrayed the magnificence of the work of art. We will compose a custom paper test on Thoroughly analyze two distinctive composing styles or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Both the articles talk about our advantage. Katherine discusses the allure and promotion the standard individuals are keen on; and Peter discusses the excellence and the story behind the artistic creation where a typical individual would be Interested In. The style of composing is diverse in both the articles. Katherine utilizes Interviews of various individuals and clarifies their considerations, Peter discusses his assessment and the manner in which he takes a gander at the canvas. Toward the end both the articles are Interesting to peruse, contingent upon the Information the peruser Is searching for.

Why I Havent Been Blogging

Why I Haven’t Been Blogging Behold, the first sentences of four different unfinished summer blog posts: - On Commencement day,  I almost got grabbed by  police for getting too close to the front while both my friends  met Tim Cook outside of  the bathroom. So I bought some Ethereum at $7 and its worth $400 now - Looks like I decided to write something at a reasonable hour. NOPE! Its 3:58 AM here in China. - My birthday is in less than an hour, my bus leaves in less than an hour, I need to do laundry, and Im still completely unpacked. - Some say the cure to writers block is to have a nice cup of tea while listening to some tunes to get the mind flowing. I prefer to  use themostdangerouswritingapp.com to force me to write walls of text  and lose all of my progress if I stop typing for more than 7 seconds. This works to cook up a first draft, albeit with a lot of misslepped words and grammar errors. I dont like publishing half-baked work. I like to knead the doughy first draft text and focus it around my main points. I then flesh out my stories and mix in some transitions while trimming off the excess fat. Then I sprinkle in some seasoning and light thesaurusy-words and creativity for the right flavor. I bake my post to perfection and let it sit for about a day before I come back for one last revision. Finally, I add in any icing, pictures, and GIFs that make my post colorful and then publish it on the windowsill of the Internet for the world to see. Thats what I usually do. But its been two months without posting and Im going hungry. I guess I feel pressure from myself to make every post some long, well-thought-out piece about a very important event. I feel like every one of my posts needs to captivate, entertain, and leave the reader with some lesson. And that post has to relate back to MIT in some way. But my boss and the other bloggers reassure me that that is not the case. When I dont feel like Ive done something bloggable or I feel too busy/lazy to blog, I should circumvent those feelings by just blagging anyway. About anything. So I pushed myself to write up this post and put it out there to get the habit going again. I will be posting more over the next month. And when I inevitably stop again because I get lazy or dont feel like what I am doing is bloggable, I shall think back to my all-time favorite inspirational quote:

The Problem in Front of You

If I’ve learned anything from my media-consuming procrastination initiatives, it’s that adults love to romanticize the teenage experience. Directors such as John Hughes (â€Å"Ferris Bueller’s Day Off†), Rick Famuyiwa (â€Å"Dope†), and Mark Waters (â€Å"Mean Girls†) try to relive moments of pure teenagerism through the stories they tell. Their protagonists offer us nuggets of wisdom such as, â€Å"All you can do in life is try to solve the problem in front of you,† and â€Å"Life moves pretty fast. If you don’t stop and look around once in a while, you could miss it.† So, allow me to introduce myself. My name is Rafael. I’m no straight-A student. I write a webcomic and a hip-hop geek. And I don’t want to miss a moment. Recently, my English class got these packets that were meant to train us for AP Lang. At the beginning, there was a letter from the teachers saying that they wanted everyone to join AP L ang next year and that people sometimes choose American Lit because it’s easier – which is apparently not the case. The letter failed to mention what AP Lang is or why you should take it. So I asked my teacher why we need to spend a month prepping for a class we might not take. My teacher gave a long speech about how the packet prepares me for AP Lang, which prepares me for senior year, which prepares me for college so I might be able to graduate early. I had a few more questions: Why is the busywork now always justified by â€Å"It’ll be like this next year† and then next year I get the same answer? Does anything in school have intrinsic value, or is my only purpose to move through the bowels of this system? Does anything here exist because of who I am and where I am right here, right now? Give me some time to try to solve the problems in front of me. In From Other Shore Russian People Socialism, Alexander Hertzen says, â€Å"We think the purp ose of a child is to grow up because it does grow up. But its purpose is to play, to enjoy itself, to be a child. If we merely look to the end of the process, the purpose of life is death.† In my experience, what is considered to be a â€Å"good class† can usually be sorted into two categories. In the first are open-ended, student-driven, meta-cognitive classes in which you learn how to question, think, and research. Then there are classes that teach stuff you’ll actually use in life as soon as you evolve from a worthless mini-human – like forensics, debate, and Spanish. The issue with â€Å"un-good classes† is that they are neither open-ended nor practical. These classes are possibly a product of a terrible compromise between two reasonable but fairly different philosophies of what constitutes as a â€Å"good class.† The result is a class built on memorizing the specific, often useless information the teacher tells you to. But what i f students weren’t just treated like computers programmed to repeat information until they short circuit? Can we maybe move from planned obsolescence to grand adolescents? I don’t want to wait for my demise. I don’t want to sit for hours in forced anticipation for when I will lie down for centuries. I have so much I can be doing with my life. I think not being a straight-A student has liberated me in a sense. Growing up with two much older siblings who went to UCs, I had always assumed I was going to go to a similarly elite school. This started to change when I was a high-school freshman and began to understand the kinds of things my siblings did in high school to get into their colleges. I am not that kind of student. In a tornado of adolescent chaos and academic bureaucracy, I began to do what I’ve always been good at – planning the future as a way to escape the present. I began to imagine myself in the film world. I wanted to launch a ca reer as a director, which meant film school. My dad showed me a list of the best public film schools in the country, and I looked at the names thinking, I’ve never heard of that school (or it has the word â€Å"state† in its name) – why would I go there? It was a stupid question, as I’m now obsessive about SFSU and CSUN, two California State Universities on that list. Not long ago, I took an official tour of SFSU and heard something that was, indubitably, hella dope: If I maintain a 3.0 GPA on my A-G requirements, I can get a zero on the SAT and still be accepted into SFSU. Not only that, but they determine eligibility simply by a math equation. No pandering and running around in a stress blizzard. Just clicking a box and getting in. I know that I don’t have to stuff my schedule with APs. I know I can get B’s as long as I get A’s in the classes I care most about. I know that I am not a computer so I am bound to make some miscalcu lations. But I also know that, while I don’t have a whole lot of freedom in my life right now, I do have choices. So the best thing I can do is make those choices that will ensure that I live life to the fullest, now and in the years to come. Because really, if I’m ever going to make a teen dramedy that looks back at my high school experience, I’m going to have to stop and look around once in a while.

The Consumption Of Coffee For America - 927 Words

Introduction and Background According to Harvard’s School of Public Health, 54 percent of Americans over the age of eighteen drink coffee every day. The daily consumption of coffee for Americans is an average of 3.1 (9-ounce) cups. The popular demand for coffee is because caffeine is the key ingredient. Caffeine is used as a kick-start for most people in the morning for an extra energy boost. However, once that feeling of extra energy subsides the human body begins to feel exhausted. A new product that we wish to add to the menu will be an invigorating lemonade. This new product will only be offered during the summer months of June, July, and August. Depending on how well our clients respond to our new drink, we will eventually add to the flavors of lemonade available. During the warmer months of the year, most people are looking to relax while enjoying a refreshing drink. Avenue 209 offers a wide assortment of coffees and teas, however, during the summer months the coffee market drops drastically. In order to make up for sales throughout these months, we will offer a new signature drink. We will add an assortment of lemonades to our menu. To start, there will be 3 flavors to choose from which include; strawberry, lavender and original. To add an appealing look and boost of flavor, all natural fruits will be added to drinks. The goal of this proposal is to recommend a minor menu expansion. This document will analyze the benefits that will be gained by offering a signatureShow MoreRelatedCoffee Consumption in USA1265 Words   |  5 PagesSynopsis National coffee drinking trends statistics in 2012 shows a tremendous increase in the consumption of coffee in the country. The data show a general increase in all demographics consumption behaviors. Significant increase is in age groups 18 to 39 with the largest jump in consumption observed in gourmet coffee. The data from the national coffee association (NCA) show current behaviors of coffee consumption such as single cup brewing taking the lead in coffee taking style. Data collectionRead MoreThe Coffee Crisis1069 Words   |  5 PagesYoung To begin, The Coffee Crisis is about an acute coffee crisis and how it threatens millions of small coffee farmers around the world and is putting economic growth, as well as social and political stability, at risk in scores of coffee producing countries in Central and South America, Africa and Asia. In 2004, the governments of coffee producing countries were considering how to respond to the dramatic decline in coffee prices caused in part by a large increase in coffee production in BrazilRead MoreCoffee Consumption By Jessica Mcclarney1189 Words   |  5 Pages Coffee Consumption Jessica McClarney Hawaii Pacific Universityâ€Æ' Introduction As a consumer, the major aim is to maximize utility at the highest level possible. However, this goal is normally pursued hand in hand with another goal of cost minimization. Consumer wants to achieve the highest satisfaction but in the lowest cost possible. Due to this reason, consumers therefore, tends to try their level best in various ways to minimize the total cost incurred in taking a product from the producerRead MoreThe Coffee Crisis1045 Words   |  5 PagesJoe Thomas School of Business and Technology: MBA 12/18/2011 U4A1- The Coffee Crisis Dr. John Halstead In â€Å"The Coffee Crisis†, the authors described that in 2004 the governments of coffee producing countries were considering how to respond to rapid decline to coffee prices. Coffee was the main source of income for about twenty-five million small land farmers in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. In 2001, coffee prices hit a forty year low; resulting in extreme hardship for many farming communitiesRead MoreCoffee Culture : A Beginning Of Coffee1136 Words   |  5 PagesCOFFEE CULTURE A beginning of coffee : The beginning of the coffee is the most famous story in the history of the coffee bean is that they were discovered by goats. Ethiopian legend, Kaldi, a goat herder one day was out with his goats and noticed that they got eating red berries and goats were dancing and excited after eating barries. He thought! this must be good stuff, he also tasted them and also felt a bit excited too. He actually went to a local sufi (Ioosely translated as IslamicRead MoreHistory and Production of Coffee and its Presence in the United States1283 Words   |  6 Pages Ever since its discovery, coffee has continued to spread its bitter or sweet taste all over the world. When taking a look at coffee’s journey from its simple beginnings, to its complex processing, and to its extensive use and consumption, one cannot help but be amazed at how prosperous and vital it has become American foodways. Coffee’s backgrounds are surprisingly diverse. Many of the characteristics, as well as the credit for its distribution, have come from several different cultures. For exampleRead MoreSupply And Demand Of Coffee979 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Coffee is one of the most widely distributed soft commodities across the world. Globally, consumers use 141 million bags of coffee beans and that amount is projected to rise steadily over the next five years (Toppa, 2015). In recent years, there has been an overwhelming demand for specialty coffee which affects the farmers’ ability to keep up with the supply. Coffee beans are a crop that requires a lot of labor and money, and without economic stability it is difficult for farmersRead MorePsychoactive Substances Should Be Regulated Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesSome substances were shut out of Western society because their production and consumption served only recreational purposes that did not align with Protestant ethic values, and did not contribute to the further development of the economy. Meanwhile other drugs, mainly coffee became a necessary staple in Western society’s daily life. There are several reasons why society has come to accept caffeine (in the form of coffee and tea) as an accepted stimulant: accessibility, no significant health risksRead MoreResearch and Analysis of Americas Caffeine Consumption986 Words   |  4 Pagesrange from typical colas to coffee, to energy drinks. Each has its own concentration of caffeine, or energy inducing ingredients. Through the consumption of these beverages, many individuals develop a habit of dependency. Those who consume, often do so in large quantities. Large amounts of caffeine can potentially be harmful to an individuals health when consumed vigorously. Below is a chart from the Specialty Coffee Association of America indicating consumption within America. According to the dataRead MoreCoffee Crisis1164 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 4 Assignment 1 â€Å"The Coffee Crisis† By Stephen Quinlan amp; Jose Gomez-Ibanez Case Analysis Michael G. Castro Capella University MBA6008 – Global Economic Environment Professor Hadsell February 13, 2013 Introduction Stephen Quinlan and Jose Gomez-Ibanez describes, in â€Å"The Coffee Crisis†, that in 2004 the governments of coffee producing countries were considering how to respond to rapid decline to coffee prices. In 2001, coffee prices hit a forty-year low, which resulted

Taking a Look at Utilitarianism - 655 Words

Introduction Living as a utilitarian is more easily expressed than done. Thinking about the betterment of humanity is not something everyone wants to cerebrate or worry about. Ideally, utilitarianism would be prosperous if the view was shared among the world. Coming in from a thoroughly nescient perspective, I was unsure of the possibilities, and unsure of the impact I would have on a topic I knew nothing about. Explanation of Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is the subsistence of pleasure and the absence of pain; both being the substructure of everything that people desire, and as the foundation of morality. Pursuing ones own happiness at the expense of convivial ecstasy would not be moral under utility. Additionally, there are different degrees of Utilitarianism. You have the Jeremy Bentham-style utilitarianism, and then you have a more subtle concept of John Stuart Mill’s philosophy. The more utilitarian a person is, the less the person is consummated. Living as a true utilitarian comes at a great cost, you lose the exhilaration and adventure of life. There are other types of Utilitarianism; including act and rule utilitarianism. The difference between act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism is that, with act utilitarianism, one must evaluate each act individually to see if it will maximize net happiness. With rule utilitarianism, one first tries to determine which rules would maximize net happiness, then acts according to those rules. Act utilitarianism says: anShow MoreRelatedAct Utilitarianism And Rule Utilitarianism978 Words   |  4 Pagesamount of pleasure to a situation: act and rule utilitarianism. I will define both act and rule utilitarianism, give a situatio n where both can be applied, and respond to an objection of utilitarianism. I will also be discussing why I believe act utilitarianism helps more people than rule utilitarianism, in turn, becoming ‘superior’ to rule utilitarianism. 2. To begin, I will be defining both act and rule utilitarianism. In act utilitarianism, you determine the morality of an act by measuringRead MoreMaking Decisions about Ethical Matters1742 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious systems put in place to provide rules and guidelines as to how to ensure that what is decided is morally right. Here, we will take a look at the view of utilitarianism, and discuss an important flaw it presents us with. Many articles include discussions that look at this in great depth, where it appears the once highly renowned system of utilitarianism has revealed to us various hidden flaws and complications. Under the wing of the utilitarianistic view, to determine something to be morallyRead MoreShould Justin Ellsworths Parents Have Been Given Access to His Email?1102 Words   |  5 Pagesinto utilitarian ethics, I discovered there are many different types of utilitarian ethics, rule utilitarianism, act utilitarianism, two-level utilitarianism, motive utilitarianism, negative utilitarianism, average utilitarianism, and total utilitarianism. Although there are a lot of different types of utilitarian ethics, I will look at this problem using rule and act utilitarian. Act utilitarianism states that, when faced with a choice, we must first consider the likely consequences of potentialRead MoreMill s Utilitarianism : Utilitarianism1251 Words   |  6 PagesMill’s Utilitarianism For centuries philosophers have attempted to explain morals, creating ideas that break this ethical system down into basic components. English philosopher, John Stuart Mill, was a large contributor to the idea of utilitarianism. Although Mill’s utilitarianism provides a strong argument for explaining morality, it is not a bulletproof theory. J.S. Mill’s Principle of utility, also known as the greatest happiness principle, is an ethical philosophy that looks at the developmentRead MoreEssay about Utilitarianism and Happiness845 Words   |  4 Pagesis determined by maximizing utility (pleasure or happiness).it looks at the consequence of an action as to whether the outcome is good to the majority of people affected by it. According to Bentham, utilitarianism is the greatest happiness or greatest felicity principle. There are many types of this theory which include act vs. rule, two level, motive, negative and average vs. total. (Clifford G., John C. 2009) In act utilitarianism, when people have to make choices, they should consider the consequencesRead MoreUtilitarianism : Theory And Contemporary Issues1350 Words   |  6 Pagesproblems by taking the path that best benefits us. The theory of utilitarianism provides a solution to this but at what cost? What are the benefits and disadvantages of utilitarianism? Is utilitarianism an idea one should live by? What is utilitarianism? I plan on answering these questions within this paper and understand how they relate to everyday life. I will also look at arguments for and against utilitarianism. Then analyze the appealing and unappealing features to determine if utilitarianism shouldRead MoreHow Can An Injustice Be Changed?1186 Words   |  5 Pageslife†. Global climate change refers to the alteration of the Earth’s atmosphere temperature (Glossary). Utilitarianism is a theory to find alternatives to combat global climate change. Utilitarianism focuses on the positives influences that come to the greatest number of people (bus dic). To observe a successful response and the likelihood of success one will need to be aware of the objectives to look for. Also, my solution for changing the way the world deals with global climate change and the reasoningRead MoreMoralism And Immanuel Kant And Utilitarianism1746 Words   |  7 Pagesmany people will observe the decision and look to see if it is moral or not. On the other hand, people will look for the outcome of that action and the effects it will have on people. The argument when deciding based on moral beliefs, or solely on the consequences has always been a debate. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that focuses not on the action itself, but the consequences that come from those actions. In a point in time people began to look at their own philological teachings on theRead MoreEffectiveness of Utilitarianism as a Modern Moral Theory927 Words   |  4 Pageshuman understanding of the world. While a number of moral theories exist, none of them is more well documented that Utilitarianism, which focuses on the maximization of total utility. I will discuss the theory initially, and then identify the major problems associated with it. I will conclude with a rationale as to how effective Utilitarianism is as a modern moral theory. Utilitarianism is quite a broad theory, with different constructs. However, the underlying agenda is the same: actions should beRead MoreA Look At Ethical Egoism Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesA look at Ethical Egoism Introduced in 1874 by Henry Sidgwick in his book The Moral of Ethics, Ethical Egoism is an ethical theory that states that one ought to do what is in their best long term interest. This theory states that a morally correct being must in all cases do the thing that will give them the best result for their long term being. [1] Ethical Egoism stems from the idea that the self is the most important thing and that an ethical being has a moral obligation to do what is in the

Consumerism A New Layer Of Commodity Fetishism - 1300 Words

Consumerism is economic policies that place emphasis on informed consumption to protect consumers from unethical marketing activities. Consumers are free to make choices on the products they want to consume. This should orient manufacturers to produce consumer-oriented products, but the industrial revolution has made the food industry a money-making market. Capitalism is the main hindrance of ethical consumerism with products being advertised on various platforms, making a negative impact on food choices. Organic labeling provides information to consumers about the origins of a commodity and the conditions under which they are produced. It encourages consumers to make better food choices. Capitalism exploits ethical consumerism which then acts as â€Å"a new layer of commodity fetishism† (Gunderson, 2014, p. 109). Capitalism is a political and economic system in a country which is controlled by private owners generally for profit purposes. Consumer choices should lead to a free market, instead it is exploiting consumers. Ethical consumerism has been on the rise lately and consumers demand ethical commodities like organic and locally grown foods. Individual choices can lead the marketplace to a progressive social change. Producers of these commodities influence customer’s purchasing decisions through advertising and not letting them make individual choices. Consumer choice does not seem to have an effect on the type of commodities produced. It is ambiguous that food proje cts andShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesothers who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis

How Is Intelligence Measured - 1395 Words

How is intelligence measured? How is it possible to just have one way to measure intelligence? Is there really only one way to measure every individual’s intelligence? According to psychologists Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg there is. Gardner and Sternberg have developed two different theories to do so. Howard Gardner’s theory of intelligence is the way in which one carries out life goals. Gardner chose eight abilities that held to meet criteria: linguistic (speak and write well), logical-mathematical (use logical and mathematical skills to solve problems such as scientific quotations), spatial (think and reason about objects in three dimensional space), musical (preform, understand and enjoy music), bodily-kinesthetic (manipulate†¦show more content†¦Each one of them are different and that’s why we asked ourselves is it really just one way to measure everyone’s intelligence? Howard Gardner is a psychologist that developed the multiple intelligence theory. He identified three original domains of functioning, each of which has several more specialized functions. :(a) cognitive or thought area which involves verbal-linguistic intelligence (learning and using language); (b) Logical mathematical intelligence is how a person understands and uses logical mathematics and abstract symbol systems; (c) a sensate area, which helps with auditory components. A few other domains include practical intelligence and creative intelligence. With practical intelligence you may ask questions such as: how does a person relate to the world around them? Do they have the ability to adapt to certain situations? With creative intelligence you may ask questions such as: how quickly can this person solve a new problem when presented with it? Can they automatically apply a new skill when they are presented with the problem again? Robert Sternberg’s theory of intelligence is the triarchic theory of intelligence. The triarchic theory describes three different types of intelligences that a person can possess. The first type of intelligence is practical intelligence which relates to how you react to your ability to adapt to it or change it to suit your needs. Practical intelligence is the ability

The Benefits of Meditation Free Essays

The Benefits of Meditation The importance of relaxation and meditation cannot be overstated. Not only is it good for the individual, but for the world as a whole. iThe new world view emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of all phenomena, as well as the emboldens of the individuals and societies in the cyclical processes of nature (Capra 390). We will write a custom essay sample on The Benefits of Meditation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The systems theory provides that whatever is good for the individual, is good for the entire system of all ecology. Depak Chopra states that whatever is good for the ecology is good for the health of the universe, for all things are interrelated. He calls this quantum healing. For this reason, it is imperative that an individual takes responsibility to keep the body and mind in good health. One of the most pleasant ways to achieve this type of euphoria is through meditation and relaxation. Meditation can be achieved through yoga, relaxation techniques, Shamanic journeying, channeling, or exercise programs such as Tai Chi. The purpose of all of these exercises is to increase the body’s energy flow and to] ward off sickness and contagious disease (Weiss 352). Tai Chi is a program that moves energy through the body. It uses the idea of pushing outward, moving the bad energy out, which leaves room for the good energy to enter. If the body is not cleared of the bad energy, the good cannot enter. This is accomplished through proper breathing, as Lao Tzu stated. Proper breathing is facilitated by all of the aforementioned meditation techniques. Yoga is another style of body movement which works in the same manner as Tai Chi. Through a specific routine, the individual moves and cleanses energy, so that not only air, but blood and intelligence can flow freely throughout the mind and body. As satirist Adams, creator of the Dilbert cartoon has often said, one of the best ways to achieve what one wants out of life is by writing out or stating affirmations. The process he recommends, and which he attributes to his own success, is the process of creative visualization. Shakti Gawain states that the benefits to be gained from this process of seeing yourself as having completed goals, brings physical health, a healthy self-image, good relationships, forgiveness and release, and success (Gawain 122-123). The advantage of visualizing the future is that the information visualized creates a steady message to the body, mind and soul about the exact goals it wants to pursue and receive. For this reason, it is a very powerful means of achieving goals. Shamanic journeying is also a hands-on approach, which entails relaxation to a repetitive drum beat or musical score, and a conscious intent to move a specific sickness (one at a time) out of the body. Shamanic journeying, much like a transcendental meditation on another plane, can be used to undo the past and move the ties that bind from the body, or it can be used to remove psychological dis-ease from the mind. Much like a physical manifestation of psychological treatment, the mind and body can be healed by Shamanic means within a very short period of time, however . In the past, most of this work was done by a Shaman or Medicine person, but today, the individual can take responsibility for this work (Newhouse and Amodeo 48-52). The important thing to remember when journeying are these lines from a poem by Nancy Wood: iAll of my life rolled out from my feet,i and iAt the same time I made a hole in the sky (Newhouse and Amodeo 50). This epitomizes the release and intake of energy. This same type of process is involved in channeling, a quiet form of relaxation which is a 20 minute process that recognizes the seven chakras and their relationship to the earth and sky points of the body. A channel opens all seven points to let energy flow down, up and out in order to cleanse, create and love. Through the lower chakras the energy cleanses down through the stomach (yellow), intestines (orange), and reproductive organs (red). Once these are clean, the heart (green/pink) is opened, and from there the throat/voice (blue), vision/third eye (purple), and mind (purple) can be opened to the heavens for universal information and communication. In all cases, the meeting place in the body is the heart. When love is sensed and cleansed, it can then flow outward to everyone and everything in the immediate vicinity and the universe (Stevens 224-229). Not only does this heal the body, but it heals the universe and all that receive the cleansed outward energy. All of these processes are not only for the purpose of cleansing the body, mind and soul or for creating the world that an individual wants for himself or herself. They are means to effect changes in the universe. Worldwide group meditations are held to correct all kinds of ills on this planet. They are held nightly and on specific dates. The perception experienced by the participants is a sense of complete peace and also of sensation. Works Cited Capra, Fritjof. Holistic Health Holistic Peace. in The New Holistic Health Handbook, Living Well in a New Age. Ed. Shepherd Bliss. Lexington MA: Penquin Books. (1985). Gawain, Shakti. iCreative Visualization. ,i in The New Holistic Health Handbook, Living Well in a New Age. Ed. Shepherd Bliss. Lexington MA: Penquin Books. (1985). Newhouse, Sandy R. M. A. Amodeo, John, Ph. D. Native American Healing. in The New Holistic Health Handbook, Living Well in a New Age. Ed. Shepherd Bliss. Lexington MA: Penquin Books. (1985). Stevens, Petey. iPsychic Healing. in The New Holistic Health Handbook, Living Well in a New Age. Ed. Shepherd Bliss. Lexington MA: Penquin Books. (1985). Weiss, Shandor. Tai Chi Chuan as a Healing Art. in The New Holistic Health Handbook, Living Well in a New Age. Ed. Shepherd Bliss. Lexington MA: Penquin Books. (1985 ). How to cite The Benefits of Meditation, Papers

Mixed extracts of bilimbi free essay sample

Curiosity and the willingness to come up with a unique substitute for chemical-based bleaches is the main reason of the researchers. They found out that instead of making it to juice and eating the calamansi, kamias, and tomato. It can also be used as a bleaching agent. Calamansi and tomato in relation to chemistry, contains ascorbic acid which is an active reducing agent (as opposed to an oxidizing agent) while the kamias has an acid component namely the oxalic acid in which it is widely used as an acid rinse in laundries, where it is effective in removing rust and ink stains. The researchers combine these fruits to create a unique stain remover which comes from originally fruit and vegetable extracts, in launching this study, researchers made a survey on how to convert the expensive detergent product which is also an eco-friendly product. And also they select this study, in order to enhance the previous research works which has been done by the scientists and researchers. We will write a custom essay sample on Mixed extracts of bilimbi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this experiment, researchers made observations about it to be more effective as a substitute to chemical-based bleaches. According to some research, stain remover must have a PH scale characteristics inorder to determine the spotting solutions. The behaviors of cleaning products are; 1. Ensures the feasibility of stain removal; 2. Reduces the risk of damaging the fabrics; and 3. Limits the time in laundering. The researchers are far-reaching a technique for the coverage on how to interfere the complexity in using this economical stain remover. The purpose of the study is to convert chemical-based bleaches into economical stain remover and eventually, for the consumer’s satisfaction and for the benefits to our local farmer. The researchers made this eco-friendly stain remover have an alternative stain remover from chemical- based bleaches. And also, the main goal is to help our nature. . General objectives- to determine the acidity or PH scale in each extract of the fruits. . Specific objectives- to effectively eradicate some types of stains SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY To the laundry workers, the proposed study can help them to save money and do not contain high quality of chemical that can burn skin. Economy and local farmers, the proposed study could also benefit to them because the researchers selected just the local fruit from our country. To the researchers, the proposed study can be further improved by the students who have the same study of these products. To all users, the proposed study can benefit some people especially those who are saving money because the product doesn’t need much time and just cheap and this fruits can be commonly seen in the surrounding. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS In this study, the researchers perform the experiment in Danao City on March 28, 2014 at 8:30 PM. The researchers will gather the results of stained clothes soaking it in the product. Over-ripped kamias. , calamansi and tomato will not be used in this experiment. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE HISTORY A New Stain Mixture: Aceto-Orcein-Fast-Green A new mixture consisting of aceto-orcein, fast green, and salt is described. The mixture provides contrast between nuclear material, nucleoli and cytoplasm without differentiation. We have found it most useful in the staining of teased tissues, squashes, smears and suspensions (fixed and unfixed). We recommend it for the great speed and simplicity with which it provides a stain having the contrast of much more laborious histological techniques. HYPOTHESIS The researchers predicted that the eco-friendly stain remover can remove stains. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS RECORDING OF DATE AND INTERPRETATION Fruits and extracts Acidity/PH scale Calamansi 2. 5-3 Camias ginger lily 4. 47 Tomatoes 4. 1-4. 6 Based on the data shown above, the following extracts of fruits can remove type of stains like rust, coffee, ink and etc.  because all the extract are proven acids. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION Based on the data revealed on the findings, the researchers concluded that the fruits extracts can effectively eliminate some types of stains. RECOMMENDATIONS: The following recommendations are formulated and are highly suggested: 1. The researchers are truly recommending this study to be enhanced by the future generation. In which, the researchers study can be competitive than the che mical-based products. 2. The product should not be drunk. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researchers would like to thank the following individuals who made this study and product successful. First, to God who gave the researchers a determination, strength, and knowledge that makes the product possible. Next, to their parents, who guide them and support them especially to the financial assistance. And lastly the researchers would extend their finest gratitude to their advisers Mrs. Mary Jean Sigayle, Mr. Roderick Cayamanda, and importantly Mrs. Dorie Ann Bareja for guiding the researchers and for the patience they gave to finally make the product.

Managing Under Uncertainty Personal Reflection

Question: Discuss about theManaging Under Uncertaintyfor Personal Reflection. Answer: Introduction The group work is one of the most important organizational dynamics in which we can benefit from the cooperative learning. However, it should be implemented properly, without which there would be negative consequences. I was quite afraid at the beginning since there are different individuals with different attitudes in the group. I may not understand the psychological characteristics of the members of the group. There are three members in the group who belong to different countries as well as display different personality attributes. One of them was an extrovert and two of them are introverts. I am an introvert who is unable to interact with others easily. I was apprehensive about the fact that how would the introverts works with a through extrovert. However, when I read the decision-making theories, I was confident that it is possible to arrive at a common decision. There can be a variety of decisions that are taken on a day to day basis. There can be variety of decisions such as decisions regarding uncertainty, complexity, high risk consequences and there can be interpersonal issues (Jaeger et al., 2013). There are programmed decisions as well as non-programmed decisions. The organizations can also engage in routine as well as strategic decisions in every day functioning. There are several tactical decisions as well as operational decisions that need to be taken by the managers (Jaeger et al., 2013). We performed a combination of these types of decisions and had a good experience on the decision-making attributes. The Personality Theory takes into account the inherent characteristics of the individuals that are consistent with their behaviors within a period of time. The Big 5 model states that there are five personality factors responsible for determining the type of individuals. In our group I observed that the introvert members showed signs of conscientiousness as they were organized as well as dependable in their decision making process. They also displayed characteristics of Openness to experience as they appreciated the unusual ideas as well as variety of experiences. The Myers Brigs Type Indicator displays the psychological preference of the people and the way they perceive the whole world. The introverts were systematizer and strategizer. They were quiet, serious, orderly and practical in their decision making approach. They were sensible as well as patient. They were reserved, curious and were action oriented. One of the introverts was judge who used to judge the situations and arrive at a decision. The extrovert in our group displayed the characteristics of performer, socializer and innovator. The performer was easygoing, friendly and possessed practical ability. He was popular, talkative and was attentive to detail. The extrovert was outspoken, quick and often neglected the routine tasks. He was enthusiastic as well as inspiring when presented with difficult situations. The bounded rationality model states that it is possible for efficient decision making by utilizing certain stages (Jaeger et al., 2013). The decision maker finds the instances which needs adequate decision. The next step involves the formulation of possible courses of action. The group members engaged in brainstorming and decide the required courses of action (Jaeger et al., 2013). The extrovert person gave most of the ideas and leaded the group. He engaged the other members to share their own ideas. I was afraid at the beginning and thought that my ideas may face criticism. However, the other members of the group encouraged me to communicate the ideas freely. The group members, after discussion, engaged in selecting the best possible course of action. I was hesitant at first; however, I also gave my interpretation to the group. During the initial period of working in a team, I faced several issues. There was an absence of team identity and we lacked focus while working together. It was difficult for us to get started. We exchanged names with each other and developed an agenda. In spite of these measures, we were unable to start off with our work. One of my group members (an introvert) was not contributing fully to the decision-making activity. He was quiet and was unable to communicate with the other members of the team. There was a conflict that arises in the group regarding the decision to be taken. The conflict was not solved for a long time, which decreased our work performance. There was a cold war which was happening in the team in which the members were unable to communicate freely with each other. This made us unable to focus on our work as we were getting distracted by the conflicts that were taking place in the team. At times, we faced the issue of ineffective leadership and that deviated us from fulfilling our goal. There was poor communication between the team members as the introverts were unable to interact with the other team members. I have learnt that it is important to perform collaborative decision making when acting in a group. The collaborative decision making is a kind of decision making that takes into account the individual opinions while arriving at a decision in a group (Harstad Selten, 2013). At first, I thought that the extrovert person would be dominating when arriving at a decision. However, all the members equally contributed to the decision-making activities. When there was a need for making a decision, we gave individual view points and each one of us gave alternatives. I assumed that the extrovert would not listen to us, however, I was wrong. He gave us the chance to speak and hence there was efficient decision making. I learnt that decision making is relevant when done with several other people. I have learnt that there are many advantages of working in a team. The team work fosters the creativity of the members and it emphasizes on creating innovative products (Schultz Gtz, 2016). It is possible to blend the relative strengths of the employees when working in a group. The working in a group fosters trust among the group members. There is an improvement in the interpersonal relationship between the team members. The team work builds the skills required for effective conflict resolution (Schultz Gtz, 2016). A wide sense of ownership is being created and there is an increase in the workplace effectiveness. I often wondered that individual decision making is a good option and doubted if group decision making is really effective or not. The individual decision making comprises of the thought process of self and its contribution to the decision making process (Sin-Echaluce et al., 2015). I have a tendency to think and I like to question before I perform a particular task. They have certain pros and cons of individual decision making. It saves a considerable amount of time as the individuals engage in fast decision making. My individual decisions are rational as well as focused towards the goals. The individuals are accountable for their own acts which prevent the person from taking wrong decisions. There are several disadvantages of the individual decision making as well. This kind of decision making does not take into account multiple perspectives as there is only one entity involved in decision making. I would use my own views and intuition and hence there is a possibility of inadequate decision making. It does not take into account all the interest of the members and hence the decision may not be appropriate. There are several advantages as well as disadvantages of group decision making activities. We realized the advantages after we successfully completed the team building exercise. There is diversity of opinions in a group which leads to effective decision making. The exchange of ideas as well as opinions enriches the quality of decision making (Kaner, 2014). There is more participation as well as interest of the individuals. The members of the group display positive attributes as it improves the quality of the decision (Kaner, 2014). The collective contribution of the team members makes it possible to remove the factors of unreliability. Our group displayed active participation from all the team members as there was a healthy relationship between the team members. There was democratic decision making in the group which improved the decision-making quality. Our decision was more acceptable as well as perceivable and was well coordinated to meet our objectives. The group discussion helps to develop a large number of innovative ideas which is not possible if there is individual decision making (Kaner, 2014). There are different opinions in a group which expanded the scope of the decisions. Another issue faced by us was that the introvert members were silent at times and they didnt participate in the decision-making process. They were unsure about their opinions and perceive that the opposite person may contradict his ideas. There is also the instance of bias in the decision-making activity. It is possible that the members belong to the same entity which would prevent them from making impartial decisions. There are several techniques that helped us to make decisions in a group. The first method used is brainstorming, which comprises of finding solutions for specific problems by the collection of a list of ideas (Litchfield, 2013). Each one of us gave several ideas aimed for solving the issue in question. We also used a more structured approach such as nominal group technique. The nominal group technique involves the solution generation, identification of problem and the decision making (Harvey Holmes, 2012). We generated the ideas independently and wrote them down in a piece of paper. We didnt interact among ourselves and hence we could avoid the dominance of the extrovert personality. The ideas were collected by our group coordinator and then shared to everyone one by one. We also welcomed any necessary suggestions from the team members. We also adopted a third method of decision making known as didactic interaction, in certain situations. This approach works best when there is a re quirement of only yes-no solution (Liddicoat Tudini, 2013). I found this method of decision making is quite effective in the controlled situation. We engaged in exhaustive investigation as we understood that the selected alternative can have strong consequences. We had also developed a contingency plan that would effectively address the issues that may come up with the decision-making process. I was afraid regarding the way the decision-making activity would turn up. However, I enjoyed during the group work activity as it gave me the opportunity to communicate with few people. I was able to deliver the appropriate decisions that were suitable for the situation. I followed all the essential steps of decision making and implemented them accordingly. We learnt from the mistakes done by us in the initial phase of the decision-making process. This personal reflection would broaden the understanding of the process of decision making. References Harstad, R. M., Selten, R. (2013). Bounded-rationality models: tasks to become intellectually competitive.Journal of Economic Literature,51(2), 496-511. Harvey, N., Holmes, C. A. (2012). Nominal group technique: an effective method for obtaining group consensus.International journal of nursing practice,18(2), 188-194. Jaeger, C. C., Webler, T., Rosa, E. A., Renn, O. (2013).Risk, uncertainty and rational action. Routledge. Kaner, S. (2014).Facilitator's guide to participatory decision-making. John Wiley Sons. Liddicoat, A., Tudini, V. (2013).Expert-novice orientations: Native-speaker power and the didactic voice in online intercultural interaction. Litchfield, R. C. (2013). Brainstorming.Encyclopedia of management theory, 86-88. Schultz, J. S., Gtz, K. (2016). 4 Collaborative decision-making.Ethics and Professionalism in Healthcare: Transition and Challenges, 39. Sin-Echaluce, M. L., Blanco, . F., Garca-Pealvo, F. J., Conde, M. . (2015, August). A knowledge management system to classify social educational resources within a subject using teamwork techniques. InInternational Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies(pp. 510-519). Springer International Publishing.

Getting a College Scholarship For a Child Soldier

Getting a College Scholarship For a Child SoldierIf you are looking for a way to get a college scholarship for a child soldier, then consider getting a sample argumentative essay on the topic. If you are thinking about going back to school to become a teacher, it may not be the best idea. You can research scholarships and grants and think about how to get more money. But if you want to go back to school, there are also scholarships that will allow you to do so.Getting more money and getting a college scholarship for child soldiers are two things that should not be mutually exclusive. When you get a scholarship, there is another bonus to getting a scholarship. That bonus is more money. It can be a lot of money for you.There are many scholarships and grants that are available. This is money that you can apply for and it can cover part of your tuition and other costs. The money is generally a little bit smaller than what you would normally pay, but it can still be enough to cover some o f the costs.The problem with student loans, however, is that they don't cover as much money as a scholarship for a child soldier would. It can get you more money, but you don't get much. So if you do decide to get a scholarship, it can make a big difference in your financial situation.Getting a sample argumentative essay about child soldier can help you decide which scholarships are right for you. When you get a sample essay, you can look at the requirements of different scholarships. You can see how much it will cost you and how much you need to come up with.If you have already decided to go back to school to get a college scholarship for a child soldier, then this can be a good starting point. If you want to apply for a scholarship and get a little bit of money too, then you can find sample essays on the subject.There are some scholarships for child soldiers that you can apply for and get a scholarship. It will not be as much money as you would get from a student loan, but it can still make a big difference in your financial situation. Look into getting a sample argumentative essay on the topic.

Hamlet Opinion free essay sample

The legal definitions of murder and manslaughter along with the events of the play show Hamlets true criminal culpability. The United States Code Title Eighteen defines murder as the intentional, premeditated, unlawful killing of another human being. This definition shows that Hamlet cannot be found guilty of murder. The killing of Polonium was In no way premeditated. Throughout the play Hamlet never expresses any thought or sign of wanting to kill Polonium; In fact Hamlets attitude toward Polonium shows that he views Polonium as a fool not worth his time.Act Two Scene Two demonstrates this attitude when Hamlet calls Polonium a great baby and treats him as a child. Another point depicting Hamlets lack of premeditation is in the events right before and after Poloniums death. The death takes place in the Queens closet as Hamlet speaks with his mother. Hamlet believes the two of them to be alone, and so he is very startled when he hears a cry from behind the arras. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlet Opinion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After running his sword through the arras Hamlet exclaims in reply to his mothers question, what hast thou done? Nay, I know not. Is it the King? This shows that Hamlet himself was not sure as to what had happened because it happened so quickly and unexpectedly. Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice and a homicide which occurs without an intent to kill. Further subtopics define voluntary manslaughter as acting on an Impulse as with a sudden quarrel and In the heat of passion. This definition clearly describes Hamlets emotional and mental state during his talk with the Queen and during the death of Polonium.Hamlet is a very emotional character who is very upset about the murder of his father and the hasty remarriage of his mother. He brings all of this built up anger, confusion, and hurt to the discussion with the Queen. Just as Hamlet is on the verge of opening up all of these emotions to his mother Polonium makes a noise and In the heat of passion Is killed. The final distinction between murder and manslaughter is the presence of malice in the killing. If the act was committed without malice it is considered manslaughter as opposed to murder.Malice is evil design or a corrupt and wicked notion against someone and feeling a need to see others suffer. As Hamlet plans to avenge his fathers death he could have and should have felt some malice toward his Fathers murderer, the King; however he does not express any of these sentiments. Rather he anything, Ill have these players play something like the murder of my father before mine uncle. Ill observe his looks If he but blench I know my course. This demonstrates Hamlets desire for Justice, not a need to see others suffer. The differing definitions of murder and manslaughter are proof of Hamlets true culpability. While he should be held responsible for the death of Polonium, he should not be punished for murder; rather he is punishable for manslaughter, the accidental homicide. Hamlets lack of premeditation, malice, and intent to kill Polonium show his good character and temperament. He is not a common criminal; his thoughtful nature and desire for Justice illustrate a deeper Judgment that if possessed by more would benefit the world around us.

The Role of Zoos in Endangered Species Conservation

The Role of Zoos in Endangered Species Conservation The worlds best zoos offer face-to-face encounters with some of the most fascinating and rare creatures on the planet- an experience that few people would ever be able to pursue in the wild. Unlike the cramped cages that housed wild animals in sideshow spectacles of the past, the modern zoo has elevated habitat emulation to an art, carefully recreating natural environments and offering inhabitants challenging activities to reduce boredom and stress. The evolution of zoos has also included programs dedicated to protecting endangered species, both in captivity and in the wild. Zoos accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) participate in Species Survival Plan Programs that involve captive breeding, reintroduction programs, public education, and field conservation to ensure survival for many of the planets threatened and endangered species. Conservation Breeding AZA conservation breeding programs (also known as captive breeding programs) are designed to augment populations of endangered species and avoid extinction via regulated breeding in zoos and other approved facilities. One of the primary challenges facing captive breeding programs is maintaining genetic diversity. If the population of a captive breeding program is too small, inbreeding may result, leading to health problems that can have a negative impact on the species survival. For this reason, breeding is carefully managed to ensure as much genetic variation as possible. Fast Facts: Six Species Saved From Extinction by Zoos Arabian Oryx: Hunted to extinction in the wild, the Arabian Oryx  was revitalized thanks to conservation efforts of Phoenix Zoo  and others. As of 2017, 1,000 animals had been restored to the wild, while thousands more were living in zoo environments.Przewalski’s Horse: The only truly wild species left in the world, Przewalski’s Horse is native to the grasslands of Central Asia. After being declared completely extinct in the wild, it’s made an amazing comeback.California Condor: Not all that long ago, there were only 27 of these magnificent birds left. Thanks to conservation efforts from the San Diego Wild Animal Park and the Los Angeles Zoo, hundreds of California Condors have been reintroduced into the wild.Bongo: The  Eastern Bongo, a large antelope native to a remote region of Kenya was one of the last large mammal species to be discovered but poaching and loss of habitat nearly wiped them out.  Zoos worldwide are  to working to establish a stable p opulation to ensure their survival.Panamanian Golden Frog:  Beautiful but extremely poisonous, the entire species succumbed to the effects of a devastating fungal disease in the wild. Since 2007, existing captive populations abetted by collaborative conservation efforts by a number of zoos have staved off their extinction.Golden Lion Tamarin: Close to extinction due to loss of habitat from logging and mining, as well as poaching in its native Brazil, there has been a steady effort since the 1980s to ensure this species doesn’t vanish from the face of the Earth. Currently, about one-third of wild Golden Lion Tamarins come from breeding programs.Source: Taronga Conservation Society Australia Reintroduction Programs The goal of reintroduction programs is to release animals that have been raised or rehabilitated in zoos back into their natural habitats. AZA describes these programs as powerful tools used for stabilizing, re-establishing, or increasing in situ animal populations that have suffered significant declines. In cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the IUCN Species Survival Commission, AZA-accredited institutions have established reintroduction programs for endangered animals such as the black-footed ferret, California condor, freshwater mussel, and Oregon spotted frog. Public Education Zoos educate millions of visitors each year about endangered species and related conservation issues. Over the past 10 years, AZA-accredited institutions have also trained more than 400,000 teachers with award-winning science curricula. A nationwide study including more than 5,500 visitors from 12 AZA-accredited institutions found that visits to zoos and aquariums prompt individuals to reconsider their role in environmental problems and see themselves as part of the solution. Field Conservation Field conservation focuses on the long-term survival of species in natural ecosystems and habitats. Zoos participate in conservation projects that support studies of populations in the wild, species recovery efforts, veterinary care for wildlife disease issues, and conservation awareness. AZA sponsors a landing page on the National Geographic Societys Global Action Atlas, featuring worldwide conservation projects associated with participating zoos. Success Stories Today, 31 animal species classified as Extinct in the Wild are being bred in captivity. Reintroduction efforts are underway for six of these species, including the Hawaiian crow. According to the IUCN, conservation breeding and reintroduction have helped prevent the extinction of six out of 16 critically endangered bird species and nine out of 13 mammal species, including species previously classified as Extinct in the Wild. The Future of Zoos and Captive Breeding A study recently published in the journal Science supports the establishment of specialized zoos and a network of captive breeding programs that target species facing an acute risk of extinction. According to the study, Specialization generally increases breeding success. The animals can be parked at these zoos until they have a chance of survival in the natural environment and can then be returned to the wild. Endangered species breeding programs will also help scientists better understand population dynamics critical to the management of animals in the wild.

Esl423 8 reflection journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Esl423 8 reflection journal - Essay Example s that lay ahead in the actual working environment while the latter gives us confidence that as teaching techniques evolve with the help of ideas from experts, it has become better adapted to the rapidly changing environment of our classrooms. Inputs from the first module were about the legal, historical and educational foundations of the Structured English Immersion (SEI). America has always been a multicultural nation that it is surprising to learn how relatively new the SEI concept is. This only tells us that there is still so much room for development which educators need to be constantly updated about. It’s good to know that we can always turn to academic internet sources maintained by experts for the needed information, including models and the latest findings in language research. Books (including e-books) and websites dedicated to helping teachers in the profession also abound. For example, there are books that give methods on making basic math easier for kids. With my knowledge from ESL 423, I can slightly modify such methods so that academic English is reinforced while content learning is unaffected, if not improved. Teachers can also make use of multimedia such as PowerPoint presentations and video clips to improve learning (qtd. in Stansbury, 2008). Really, with a little creativity, there are so many resources a teacher could use in this age of information. This makes the job easier and enjoyable for us that I’ve become highly motivated to further develop my skills in ESL instruction in a multilingual/multicultural classroom. This course, no doubt, has enhanced my professional abilities by introducing the standards that teachers are required to follow to ensure quality instructions. I believe this helps teachers greatly to gauge students as well as their own efforts. My students’ failure is also my own failure and with the standards as my guide, I can properly address which areas need improvement, both on my students’ and my part. Also

The Development and Growth in Sports and Physical Activities in Research Paper

The Development and Growth in Sports and Physical Activities in Britain - Research Paper Example The success of British sports in promoting justice can be credited to John Raws. Contextually, the concept of social justice in Britain reached at its height with the publication of ‘A Theory of Justice’ narrated by John Rawls. In his book, he argued on the complexity of traditional theory of justice and proposed his own principles. The principles postulated by him stated that each person should have equal rights to the most extensive basic liberties which should comprise compatible similar liberty for all irrespective of any race, ethnic origin, religion and colour. Furthermore, he added that social and economic equalities should be drawn in such a way that yields the greatest benefits to every individual or group (Wolff, 2012). Spracklen & et. al. (2006) stated that despite the considerable efforts and attention to racial equality over the last few years, the progress towards creating equality has not been much fruitful in the UK. The principles stated by John Rawls do not seem to be in practice in a modern day sports context. At the same time, it is also being argued that approaches initiated in the UK for promoting social equality failed to acknowledge views related with gender equality and social consequences which ultimately discouraged the support of sports opportunities for women and girls (Right to Play, 2010). Formal, radical and liberal equality all has been placed for promoting equality in society. The broad three aspects of equality vary in certain ways. In relation to this, formal equality is based on the rule of laws that advocates equality without making any discrimination.

Advantages Of Scripting Language Computer Science Essay

Advantages Of Scripting Language Computer Science Essay A scripting language is a form of programming language that is used to create scripts or bits of code. Scripting languages are often written to facilitate enhanced features of websites, these features are processed on the server but the script of a specific page runs on the users browser. The origin of the term was similar to its meaning in a movie script tells actors what to do: a scripting language controlled the operation of a normally-interactive program, giving it a sequence of work to do all in one batch. For instance, one could put a series of editing commands in a file, and tell an editor to run that script as if those commands had been typed interactively. Advantages of scripting language Its easy to learn and use Minimum programming knowledge or experience required Allows complex tasks to be performed in relatively few steps Allows simple creation and editing in a variety of task editors Allows the addition of dynamic and interactive activties to web pages The editing and running code is fast Disadvantages of scripting language Can be slower to run since they are interpreted and not compiled into machine code. Can be harder to debug since no development environment is available by default. Since they are text based it is easy for other people to modify and thus break it. Why modern web pages use javascript? Browser support- To access flash content you need to install flash plugin into your browser. But to use Javascript you dont need to install a plugin for it, becuase all web browsers have accepted javascript as a scripting language for them and provides support for it. With the use of javascript you can add various features like user authentication, validation etc Javascript easily reads and writes HTML elements and can be embedded into a HTML easily. You can use Javascript to load the page according to the requirement of the browser It is the most light programming language which can be easily loaded on slow internet. An action event can be created with the use of javascript, when a user clicks a button, various events which is not possible through HTML: Javascript has the ability to react on it. Explain the following features of JavaScript, giving an example of each: Objects Javascript has built in objects, some of them are string, date and array. Events A JavaScript can be executed when an event occurs, like when a user clicks on an HTML element. These events can occur when a user clicks the mouse, when a web page has loaded and when an image has been loaded. Methods There are a lot of javascript methods, some of them are anchor, apply, attend, big and blind. Each of these methods are different, for example an anchor method places an HTML anchor that has a NAME attribute around text, an apply method applied a method of an object substituting another object for the current object. Loops Javascript loops often runs with arrays these loops are used to run the same code over and over again, each time with a different value. For example in javascript for is a loop that loops through a block of code a number of times, while loop, loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true. Functions Javascripts has many functions some of them are abs, acos and asin. Each of these methods are different. Abs function returns the absolute value of a number, an acos function returns the arccosine of a number. JavaScript is an object orientated language. Describe what this means. Is JavaScript object-oriented? It has objects which can contain data and methods that act upon that data. Objects can contain other objects. It does not have classes, but it does have constructors which do what classes do, including acting as containers for class variables and methods. It does not have class-oriented inheritance, but it does have prototype-oriented inheritance. The two main ways of building up object systems are by inheritance (is-a) and by aggregation (has-a). JavaScript does both, but its dynamic nature allows it to excel at aggregation. JavaScript is not truly object oriented because it does not provide inheritance. But it turns out that JavaScript supports not only classical inheritance, but other code reuse patterns as well. Task 2 M2 Explain in detail how scripting languages can be used to improve the functionality of web pages. Scripting languages, which can be embedded within HTML, commonly are used to add functionality to a Web page, such as different menu styles or graphic displays or to serve dynamic advertisements. These types of languages are client-side scripting languages, affecting the data that the end user sees in a browser window. Why use Scripting Languages? Quite often we wish to automate a simple task running several programs in a row, installing programs, even writing a simple script or GUI to run a program that needs many parameters. Scripting languages allow us to write such a thing quickly, and run it without any compilation. They also have good support for launching processes and controlling them, parsing text files, etc. With a script, theres never the question of where is the source? or did i re-compile it after i fixed that bug? the script _is_ the source. Client side and Server side Client side In Client side the scripting does all the calculations on the users computer. The web browser or a specific plugin reads the script and converts it into a visual web page. Front end context uses scripting through a user interface. There are many ways a user interface uses scripting one is that it resizes parts of the webpage to make it all fit properly.It also resizes boxes. Most of the information that the user enters into the website stays in the client side and sometimes sent back to the server. Javascript can obtain external files and images. It then exploits all of this using web analytic programs, the server can retrieve all the information from all of these. The difference between client side à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ and server side The difference is fairly simple client side code is processed by the client (the browser to be more specific) while the server code is processed by the server . A typical web page as far as the client is concerned consists of some of HTML implemented by CSS, or Javascript. Server side code, on the other hand is never seen by the browser. The browser is not and should never need to be aware of server side scripts such as PHP. Server side code is browser independent which means that if the page you create looks different in internet explorer than it does in opera. Client Side advantages Allow for more interactivity by immediately responding to users actions May improve the usability of web sites for users whos browsers support scripts Can give developers more control over the look and behaviour of their web widgets Secure as it is protected which means it is not possible to read by users, prevents it from being stolen Client Side disadvantages Not all browsers support scripts therefore users might experience errors if no alternatives are provided Different browsers and browser versions support scripts differently thus more quality testing is required More development time and effort might be required Server side advantages Complex processes become more efficient Does not need to rely on specific browsers or plug ins You can make a webside dynamic, PHP a server side scripting language have features such as you can to add a username and password Server side disadvantages Less immediate Can slow down your web site E.g. AJAX, accessibility, alerts, confirming choices, prompting the user, redirecting the user, browser detection, creating rollovers, checking/validating input, handling forms, maintaining cookies Task 3 P5 (b) Design interactive scripts using scripting languages (JavaScript) that can be embedded onto the website created in assignment 1. Select 2 of the following (you may choose your own if you wish) that you must include into a minimum of two web pages: JavaScript slideshow Random image generator Browser version/type detection Software plug-in detection Feedback form using JavaScript validation For each of your chosen scripts produce: Design: A flow chart or Pseudo code Implementation: Annotated screen shots of the scripts in action on the web pages. Correct structure of HTML code which includes correct indentation of the code and well commented. M3 (b) Printouts of the scripts Testing: P6 (b) A test table containing the variables being tested, test data, expected results and actual results. Task 4: D1 Investigate and produce a report (minimum 1 page) that explains at least three examples of how web pages using scripts are implemented differently in two different browsers, for example, Internet Explorer and Firefox. Browser capability Browsers have varying levels of compliance with Style Sheets. This means that some Style Sheet features are supported and some arent. To confuse things more, some browser manufacturers decide to come up with their own proprietary tags. Fortunately, browser compatibility is becoming less of an issue as the latest browser versions are much more standards-compliant than their earlier counterparts. Browser capability is a headache for Javascript coders around the world. There are two ways to allow conditions within your script such as Javascript to take different paths depending on capability These two ways are: 1. Browser detection 2. Object detection Browser detection Browser detection checks with the browser directly to see which make and model it is. This allows you to choose which code to run on your browser. Browser detection is capable of working out the browser and version being used. This allows the web page to use the right code which is to visually display. Browser detection coding function thisBrowserIs(browserTest){ if(navigator.userAgent.indexOf(browserTest)!=-1){ return true; } } This is an example of browser detection coding. This code means that if it can find the string being passed to this function within the navgator user agent property, then return true Object detection Object detection allows you to check if an aspect of the script language definition exists before trying to use it. It means that the script can detect whether certain objects can work with a specific browser. Object detection example: if (document.images) { do something with the images array } Separate style sheets You want to make sure that your style sheets works on most internet browsers. There is different coding with different browsers. Creating Separate Style Sheets for Internet Explorer and Firefox IE and Mozilla handle CSS instructions differently. It can be annoying but, there is a way to get around it. Make multiple style sheets, one for each type of browser. Then customize each style sheet for its corresponding browser. Create two style sheets, one for IE browsers) and one for every other kind of browser Tell Internet Explorer to use a separate style sheet by inserting the following code between your header tags. Change the name and path of the css files to that of the css files on your site. The code must appear in this order. Task 5: D2 Write a report that evaluates the website that you have created stating good points, bad points and discuss at least four different methods that could be used to improve the created web site. I created a website to a book shop called Harlington book store. It took me 3 weeks to completely finish the website with all the books and prices. As I had previous experience in creating websites this website was quite enjoyable to create. I used three main colours on my website so it would look more professional and creative. I included 9 pages to this website and I have created a menu bar so the user can navigate to these pages. To make this website user friendly I have created alt tags and I have checked the browser capability of the website. During this period I had many problems creating the website such as I had to upload the books one by one with prices and for each book I had to download the book cover. This took me more than a week to finish all the books. Another problem I faced was when I had to resize all the images of the book to the same size. Uploading the books were the most hated part when creating this website apart from that creating the website was very enjoyable. One thing to improve this website would be to create a database so when updating the books can be automatically uploaded on the website instead of uploading on the website itself. Checklist for Assignment 2: JavaScript Implementation Content Y/N Comments TASK 1: Describe the main features of the chosen scripting language (P3) Explain what a scripting language is and why is it used in the modern web pages Objects Events Methods Loops Functions JavaScript is an object orientated language. Describe what this means. TASK 2: (M2) Explain in detail how scripting languages can be used to improve the functionality of web pages. TASK 3: Design, create and test web pages using scripts to implement interactivity. (P5 b) (P6 b) (M3 b) Script 1: A flow chart or Pseudo code Screen shots of the scripts in action on the web page. Comment and indent your code Printouts of the scripts A test table for the script Script 2: A flow chart or Pseudo code Screen shots of the scripts in action on the web page. Comment and indent your code Printouts of the scripts A test table for the script Task 4: (D1) How scripts are implemented differently in two different browsers. (3 Examples) Task 5: (D2) Website Evaluation

Procurement & Resource Based View

Procurement is An Integral Part of Resource- ­ Based View of An Organization Phuong Duong University College Dublin (12251697) 4112 words ABSTRACT Procurement has become an increasingly widespread practice among organizations and is today of strategic importance that attract great interest from scholars in the literature. The primary purpose of the paper is to contribute with a review of leading studies that analyze procurement from the resource- ­? based view of the organization. The paper begins by setting out the business environment of procurement and then presents the development and propensity of procurement.This is followed by a review of principal works and differences of perspectives of resource- ­? based view. The next section contains an analysis of the relationship between procurement and resource- ­? based theory and discusses empirical works on outsourcing that address outsourcing from the resource- ­? based view. The studies are classified into two categories : those studying the propensity to procure and those studying the relationship between procurement decision and firm’s performance. Finally, some insights are put together to assess the outsourcing decision influenced by resource- ­? based view with the im of contributing to a better understanding of outsourcing and its role from the perspective of resource- ­? based view of an organization. 1. Procurement and the propensity to procure in modern business context Procurement, or in other words, â€Å"sourcing†, for years has become â€Å"a financial material, but strategically peripheral, corporate function† of an organization (Gottfredson et al. , 2005). In the literature, procurement becomes a key component and is of major strategic importance to many organizations (Humphreys et al. , 1998, Paulraj et al. , 2006). Recent decades have witnessed significant changes in acro- ­? economic trends that direct business environment. These changes have been driven by increased globalization, technology innovation, changing consumer behaviours, and consequently, a shift toward procurement and outsourcing (Giunipero et al. , 2005, Giunipero et al. , 2006, Zheng et al. , 2007). Gottfredson et al. (2005) argued that globalization, accompanied by technological advances, is causing the core of competition to change. These days, the ownership of capabilities of an organization is not as important as its ability to govern and take advantage of critical capabilities, whether or not they are he organization’s assets. Procurement is developing so sophisticatedly that even core functions such as engineering, R&D, manufacturing and marketing can be outsourced. That, according to Gottfredson et al. (2005), in turn, is changing the way the firms think about their organizations, their core values and their competitive abilities. The author also revealed that an emphasis on capability sourcing could result in an organization’s better strategic p osition by reducing costs, streamlining the company, and enhancing quality. Critical functions provided by more qualified partners usually allow organizations to mprove their core capabilities that help them take the lead in their industries. With the business world changing everyday, the propensity to procure becomes prominent than ever. Nowadays procurement is not only practiced by companies in the technology industries but also spread to multiple businesses such as supply chain, manufacturing, services and so forth. It is recognized that not passive cost- ­? focused, but proactive value- ­? focused procurement strategies are a means of achieving competitive advantage and integral to long- ­? term organizational strategy (Leseure et al. , 2005, Mehra and Inman, 2004,Noonan and Wallace, 2004). In a study of the impact of procurement or purchasing on supply integration and performance, Paulraj et al. (2006) also concluded that: (1) a more strategic purchasing function leads to better supply integration; (2) managers must comprehend the importance of purchasing in incorporating buyer- ­? supplier by focusing on â€Å"process, relational, information, and cross- ­? organisational teams†; (3) strategic procurement can create a win- ­? win situation for both buyer and supplier. Taking these into account, it is undeniable that there is a tendency to procure or outsource among organizations.To assist with procurement decision making, Gottfredson et al. (2005) developed a sourcing opportunities map like Figure 1 to help companies judge the relative merits of their outsourcing possibilities. The vertical dimension of the exhibit â€Å"measures how proprietary a process or function is† while the horizontal axis indicates the degree of commonality, both within and outside the company’s industry. The author found that capabilities locating in the upper right portion of the map are potential candidates for procurement. Once capabilities pr omising strong candidates for alternative sourcing are discovered, the ompany needs to figure out how to source them. In this stage, cost and quality requirements should be taken into account to detect key capability gaps to be filled and top- ­? performing competitors or suppliers to partner with. To address these issues, another assessment map has been introduced, again by Gottfredson et al. (2005) as described in the Figure 2 below. Figure 1 What should you outsource? Source: Adapted from (Gottfredson et al. , 2005). Figure 2 How strong are your capabilities? Source: Adapted from (Gottfredson et al. , 2005) The author explained that the position of capabilities on this grid eterminates suitable goals for an outsourcing relationship. Specifically, functions that fall in the upper left should be outsourced to low- ­? cost providers regardless of reduction in quality, while those falling in the lower left require outsourcing partners that can both reduce costs and improve qualit y. 2. Resource- ­based view In the opinion of Mol (2003), resource- ­? based view has today become the domineering perspective of analyzing corporation strategy. However, this concept has been perceived and developed by different scholars in the literature. Porter (1985) suggested a firm’s competitive position an be analyzed by looking at industry structure and the role of internal decision making was overlooked. This theory contradicts itself with earlier strategic management arguments which highlighted both internal and external factors (Skinner, 1969, Ansoff, 1965) and therefore several scholars such as Barney (1991), Amit and Schoemaker (2006), and Peteraf (2006) felt a different perspective and went on developing the resource- ­? based view based on the researches of Coase (1937) and Wernerfelt (1984). In an effort to stress the significance of managerial choice and internal factors, Barney (1991) concluded that he resource- ­? based view â€Å"examines the link between a firm’s characteristics and performance† by investigating varied resources within the firm. By the nature of its activities, procurement management is subject to obtaining inputs from outside partners in the organization’s environment (Mol, 2003). According to Wernerfelt (1984), resource- ­? based approach â€Å"views the firm as a historically determined collection of assets or resources which are tied semi- ­? permanently to the firm’s management†. Lockett and Thompson (2001) criticized that resource- ­? based view is sometimes used to distinguish â€Å"appropriate esources, such as physical capital or brand names, from less tangible assets, such as organizational routines and capabilities†. Appropriate resources can be seen as assets utilized as appropriate over a specific period, while dynamic resources may lie in capabilities that form additional opportunities over time. The crucial requirements of resource- ­? based vi ew are that relevant resources, regardless of their nature, are specific to the firm and not easy to be imitated by rivals (Barney, 1991). It was noted by Lockett and Thompson (2001) that resource- ­? based view is implied in the sense that each firm’s pportunity set is exclusive and a product of the resources is obtained from its past experience. â€Å"Therefore, it follows that decisions about the appropriate boundaries of a firm’s activities should reflect its existing resource bundle. If firms face a similar external environment, in the sense of similar product and factor markets, the resource- ­? based view suggests that those firms with a similar initial resource endowment should display similar ceteris paribus patterns of behavior and performance†. 3. Procurement is an integral part of resource–based view of an organization Procurement and resource- ­based iew Procurement, or in many context, usually referred to as â€Å"outsourcing†, is defined as â€Å" astrategic decision that entails the external contracting of determined non- ­? strategic activities or business processes necessary for the manufacture of goods or the provision of services by means of agreements or contracts with higher capability firms to undertake those activities or business processes, with the aim of improving competitive advantage† (Espino Rodriguez and Padron Robaina, 2006). According to resource- ­? based view, resources can be exploited by means of contracts (Barney, 1999, Gainey and Klaas, 2003,Grant, 1991) and this perspective can be used as a framework to help organizations decide which activities should be outsourced and which to perform in- ­? house. In this regard, one of the dominant frameworks that explain the propensity of procurement is core competences approach (Gilley and Rasheed, 2000, Teng et al. , 2007). Based on this approach, a firm should invest in activities generating core capabilities and outsource the rest (Prahalad, 1990, Hilmer and Quinn, 1994), regarding that the former activities are those providing the firm’s growth and development (Peteraf, 2006). It is pointed out by Prahalad 1990) that a firm can perform better by focusing on those resources generating the core competences. According to the author, short- ­? term success results from the price and the attributes of the products, while long- ­? term competitive advantages lie on the core capabilities, which derives from the firm’s collective learning. Strategic outsourcing, based on resources and capabilities, signifies a deep understanding of the core competences, which assist organizations to build their long- ­? term competitiveness (Bettis et al. , 1992). Espino Rodriguez and Padron Robaina (2006) concluded that the resource ased view helps to distinguish the core competences and provides knowledge (Hilmer and Quinn, 1994) about which activities to perform with internal resources and which to procu re, â€Å"determining that the possession of some resources and capabilities is what defines what the firm itself will do and what it will obtain from third parties†. In order to explain the integral part that procurement plays from resource- ­? based view, it is important to look into the framework developed by Grant (1991), in which a firm’s resources and capabilities are the main considerations in formulating strategies. In this framework or strategy formulation, five stages were established to associate strategy, competitive advantage and resources and capabilities. Among these five stages, the last one refers to â€Å"identifying the resource gaps which need to be filled and invest in replenishing, augmenting and upgrading the firm’s resource base† where there is a place for procurement. This is demonstrated in Figure 3 as below. Grant (1991) believes that regarding the lack of firm’s resources and capabilities, the firm needs to decide betw een developing resources in- ­? house and outsourcing resources from the third parties. Hence, in order to